Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions: A powerful tool for analysis of the diversity of wheat genotypes

Wheat is a widely cultivated crop and it is one of the major food sources worldwide. Among the various tools used to study diversity of wheat species, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) assessment emerges to be the more appropriate approach. In the present study, we evaluated 15 genotypes of Iranian wheat cultivars (wild, native, and breed) using ITS gene sequences. Similarity matrices and dendrogram of phylogenic relationship were constructed using Mega ver6 software. We report the major nucleotide changes in the same position between diploid and hexaploid species. dN/dS ratio for diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid species indicated a pure selection in the examined gene, with no key changes in the genes, and 91% ITS diversity within individual wheat was evident. The results suggest that as evolution moves forward, nucleotide changes are reduced so that only a few changes in nucleotides occur. ITS marker can distinguish different wheat genotypes at the genomic level and thus prove to be the most appropriate assessment tool for analyzing inter and intra-species relationships.

Effects of the pesticides chlorpyriphos, metsulfuron-methyl, and thiamethoxam on ant communities in wheat crop

Ants are important components of food webs in several ecosystems. In anthropic areas, they can be used as bioindicators of the environmental impacts caused by many factors or in the evaluation of the dynamics of the recovery of an area after a certain disturbance. In this context, ants can be used as bioindicators in studies on the evaluation of environmental disturbances caused by pesticide use. Thus, the present work investigated the environmental impacts caused by the application of the insecticides chlorpyriphos and thiamethoxam and the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl in the community of ants in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). The data were collected by pitfall traps and Berlese funnels. A Principal Response Curve was used for a relative abundance analysis. In addition, diversity index and richness were calculated for ant communities. The presence of six families, 11 tribes, 15 genera, and 19 morphospecies of ants belonging to the guilds of fungivorous, omnivorous, and predaceous ants were observed in the soil of the wheat crop. The insecticides chlorpyriphos and thiamethoxam reduced the richness, diversity, and relative abundance of ants of all the guilds on the surface and inside the soil. The effect of the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl on the community of ants was lower than the impact of the insecticides on these insects.

Spray volumes for agrochemicals applied to soybean and wheat crops

The question of the spray volume for applying agrochemicals to plants has and still demands studies to continuously search for guiding parameters for technicians due to the several variables involving application technology. This experiment aimed to determine the best spray volume for applying pesticides with a boom sprayer to soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops. The experiment had a completely randomized blocks design with five treatments and five replications. In soybean (crop year 2011/12), the treatments were the control (no pesticide application) and spray volume applications of 50, 100, 150, and 200 L ha-1. For wheat (crop year 2012), the treatments were the control and spray volumes of 75, 100, 125, and 150 L ha-1. The variables analyzed were the yield components. The study concluded the need for applying foliar fertilizers and performing the chemical control of diseases and pests in soybean and wheat crops. The spray volumes of 50 L ha-1 for soybeans and 75 L ha-1 for wheat were satisfactory for spraying agrochemicals with a ground bar sprayer on plants.

Relative performance of wheat genotypes under individual and combined water deficit and salinity stress

Ascertaining the genetic variability and its relationships among valuable genetic resources is important for crop improvement programme. Here, we assessed the response of eleven wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using cluster and principal component analysis (PCA) based on morphophysiological data and yield under nine different environments. Wheat genotype WH 1080 maintained higher photosynthetic efficiency under individual stress of 50% water deficit (drought) and 100 mM NaCl (salt), whereas under interactive stresses KRL 370 and KRL 283 were found to be the best genotypes. The highest value of Na+/K+ ratio in shoots was recorded for WH 1080 (1.167) and lowest in KRL 283 (0.612) under combined stresses. Proline accumulation was maximum in KRL 330 (3.17 mg g-1 FW) and minimum in KRL 283 (2.8 mg g-1 FW). Significantly higher reduction (73.4%) was observed in HD 2009 for grain weight/plant at 100 mM NaCl + 50% WD stress treatment whereas minimum reduction of 39.18% was recorded in KRL 370 in comparison to the control treatment. The PCA showed that the first three components comprising about 91% of the total variation for which the variables were analyzed. AMMI model revealed KRL 210 to be stable genotype as being close to center on biplot. E5 environment (100 mM NaCl) was most stable followed by E9 (50% WD + 100 mM NaCl). HD 2888, C-306, HD 2851 and HD 2009 were having positive interaction with E1 (Control) whereas WH 1080 had positive interaction with water deficit environments i.e. E2 and E3 (25 and 50% WD) while KRL 433 had highest positive interaction with combined water deficit and salt stress environments E6, E7, E8 and E9, followed by KRL 370. Similarly, KRL 283, KRL 330, KRL 210 and Kharchia 65 had high positive interaction with saline environments E4 and E5. Findings of the experiment would be beneficial to wheat breeders, specifically the location-specific promising genotypes could possibly be used to develop/breed MAGIC populations to tag genes/alleles conferring drought and salinity tolerance.

Genetic parameters controlling the inheritance of glaucousness and yield traits in bread wheat / Parâmetros genéticos que controlam a herança de glaucosidade e características de produção em trigo mole

Wheat breeders frequently use generation mean analysis to obtain information on the type of gene action involved in inheriting a trait to choose the helpful breeding procedure for trait improvement. The present study was carried out to study the inter-allelic and intra-allelic gene action and inheritance of glaucousness, earliness and yield traits in a bread wheat cross between divergent parents in glaucousness and yield traits; namely Mut-2 (P1) and Sakha 93 (P2). The experimental material included six populations, i.e. P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 for this wheat cross. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used, and a six parameters model was applied. Additive effects were generally more critical than dominance for all studied traits, except for plant height (PH) and grain yield/plant (GYPP). The duplicate epistasis was observed in spike length; SL, spikes/plant; SPP and days to heading; DTH. All six types of allelic and non-allelic interaction effects controlled SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness. All three types of epistasis, i.e. additive x additive, additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance, are essential in determining the inheritance of four traits (SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness). Dominance × dominance effects were higher in magnitude than additive × dominance and additive × additive in most traits. The average degree of dominance was minor than unity in six traits (glaucousness, grains/spike, spike weight, days to maturity, 100-grain weight and SL), indicating partial dominance and selection for these traits might be more effective in early generations. Meanwhile, the remaining traits (PH, SPP, GYPP and DTH) had a degree of dominance more than unity, indicating that overdominance gene effects control such traits and it is preferable to postpone selection to later generations. The highest values of [...].

Os criadores de trigo frequentemente usam a análise da média de geração para obter informações sobre o tipo de ação do gene envolvida na herança de uma característica para escolher o procedimento de melhoramento útil para o aprimoramento da característica. O presente estudo foi conduzido para estudar a ação do gene interalélico e intraalélico e a herança de características de glaucosidade, precocidade e produção em um cruzamento de trigo mole entre pais divergentes em glaucosidade e características de produção; nomeadamente Mut-2 (P1) e Sakha 93 (P2). O material experimental incluiu seis populações, ou seja, P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 e BC2 para este cruzamento de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições e aplicado um modelo de seis parâmetros. Os efeitos aditivos foram geralmente mais críticos do que a dominância para todas as características estudadas, exceto para altura da planta (AP) e rendimento de grãos / planta (GYPP). A epistasia duplicada foi observada no comprimento da ponta; SL, espigas / planta; SPP e dias para o cabeçalho; DTH. Todos os seis tipos de efeitos de interação alélica e não alélica controlaram SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade. Todos os três tipos de epistasia, ou seja, aditivo x aditivo, aditivo x dominância e dominância x dominância, são essenciais na determinação da herança de quatro características (SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade). Os efeitos de dominância × dominância foram maiores em magnitude do que aditivo × dominância e aditivo × aditivo na maioria das características. O grau médio de dominância foi menor do que a unidade em seis características (glaucosidade, grãos / espiga, peso da espiga, dias até a maturidade, peso de 100 grãos e SL), indicando dominância parcial, e a seleção para essas características pode ser mais eficaz nas gerações iniciais. Enquanto isso, os traços restantes (PH, SPP, GYPP e [...].

Genetic parameters controlling the inheritance of glaucousness and yield traits in bread wheat

Abstract Wheat breeders frequently use generation mean analysis to obtain information on the type of gene action involved in inheriting a trait to choose the helpful breeding procedure for trait improvement. The present study was carried out to study the inter-allelic and intra-allelic gene action and inheritance of glaucousness, earliness and yield traits in a bread wheat cross between divergent parents in glaucousness and yield traits; namely Mut-2 (P1) and Sakha 93 (P2). The experimental material included six populations, i.e. P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 for this wheat cross. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used, and a six parameters model was applied. Additive effects were generally more critical than dominance for all studied traits, except for plant height (PH) and grain yield/plant (GYPP). The duplicate epistasis was observed in spike length; SL, spikes/plant; SPP and days to heading; DTH. All six types of allelic and non-allelic interaction effects controlled SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness. All three types of epistasis, i.e. additive x additive, additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance, are essential in determining the inheritance of four traits (SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness). Dominance × dominance effects were higher in magnitude than additive × dominance and additive × additive in most traits. The average degree of dominance was minor than unity in six traits (glaucousness, grains/spike, spike weight, days to maturity, 100-grain weight and SL), indicating partial dominance and selection for these traits might be more effective in early generations. Meanwhile, the remaining traits (PH, SPP, GYPP and DTH) had a degree of dominance more than unity, indicating that overdominance gene effects control such traits and it is preferable to postpone selection to later generations. The highest values of narrow-sense heritability and genetic advance were recorded by glaucousness trait followed by SL and SPP, indicating that selection in segregating generations would be more effective than other traits.

Resumo Os criadores de trigo frequentemente usam a análise da média de geração para obter informações sobre o tipo de ação do gene envolvida na herança de uma característica para escolher o procedimento de melhoramento útil para o aprimoramento da característica. O presente estudo foi conduzido para estudar a ação do gene interalélico e intraalélico e a herança de características de glaucosidade, precocidade e produção em um cruzamento de trigo mole entre pais divergentes em glaucosidade e características de produção; nomeadamente Mut-2 (P1) e Sakha 93 (P2). O material experimental incluiu seis populações, ou seja, P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 e BC2 para este cruzamento de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições e aplicado um modelo de seis parâmetros. Os efeitos aditivos foram geralmente mais críticos do que a dominância para todas as características estudadas, exceto para altura da planta (AP) e rendimento de grãos / planta (GYPP). A epistasia duplicada foi observada no comprimento da ponta; SL, espigas/planta; SPP e dias para o cabeçalho; DTH. Todos os seis tipos de efeitos de interação alélica e não alélica controlaram SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade. Todos os três tipos de epistasia, ou seja, aditivo x aditivo, aditivo x dominância e dominância x dominância, são essenciais na determinação da herança de quatro características (SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade). Os efeitos de dominância × dominância foram maiores em magnitude do que aditivo × dominância e aditivo × aditivo na maioria das características. O grau médio de dominância foi menor do que a unidade em seis características (glaucosidade, grãos / espiga, peso da espiga, dias até a maturidade, peso de 100 grãos e SL), indicando dominância parcial, e a seleção para essas características pode ser mais eficaz nas gerações iniciais. Enquanto isso, os traços restantes (PH, SPP, GYPP e DTH) tiveram um grau de dominância maior do que a unidade, indicando que os efeitos do gene de superdominância controlam tais traços e é preferível adiar a seleção para gerações posteriores. Os maiores valores de herdabilidade no sentido restrito e avanço genético foram registrados pelo traço de glaucosidade seguido por SL e SPP, indicando que a seleção em gerações segregadas seria mais eficaz do que outros caracteres.

Does doses and time of 2, 4-D application interfere in the physiology and wheat grains yield components?

The identification of the application stage and correct dose of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide is important so that wheat is not harmed. In view of this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4-D doses applied at different development stages of wheat crop. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. In factor A, the application stages (before tillering, tillering, first node and booting) were allocated and the doses of 2,4-D (0, 349, 698, 1047 and 1396 g.ha­1) were allocated in factor B. The variables evaluated were phytotoxicity at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application of the treatments (DAT), photosynthetic activity, CO2 internal concentration, stomatal conductance, efficient water use and carboxylation efficiency. The number of spikes·m­2, spike length and number of full and sterile grains were determined in the preharvest. Thousand grain mass, grain yield and hectoliter weight were determined after harvest. The results demonstrate that the herbicide caused phytotoxicity to wheat, being greater in increasing doses and mainly before tillering, causing grain sterility and decreased productivity. The other yield components did not present difference when increasing the dose and application in different stages as well as the physiological variables. The increase of the 2,4-D doses applied before tillering and in the booting stage caused linear decrease in wheat grain yield.

Genetic parameters controlling the inheritance of glaucousness and yield traits in bread wheat / Parâmetros genéticos que controlam a herança de glaucosidade e características de produção em trigo mole

Wheat breeders frequently use generation mean analysis to obtain information on the type of gene action involved in inheriting a trait to choose the helpful breeding procedure for trait improvement. The present study was carried out to study the inter-allelic and intra-allelic gene action and inheritance of glaucousness, earliness and yield traits in a bread wheat cross between divergent parents in glaucousness and yield traits; namely Mut-2 (P1) and Sakha 93 (P2).The experimental material included six populations, i.e. P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 for this wheat cross. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used, and a six parameters model was applied. Additive effects were generally more critical than dominance for all studied traits, except for plant height (PH) and grain yield/plant (GYPP). The duplicate epistasis was observed in spike length; SL, spikes/plant; SPP and days to heading; DTH. All six types of allelic and non-allelic interaction effects controlled SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness. All three types of epistasis, i.e. additive x additive, additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance, are essential in determining the inheritance of four traits (SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness). Dominance × dominance effects were higher in magnitude than additive × dominance and additive × additive in most traits. The average degree of dominance was minor than unity in six traits (glaucousness, grains/spike, spike weight, days to maturity, 100-grain weight and SL), indicating partial dominance and selection for these traits might be more effective in early generations. Meanwhile, the remaining traits (PH, SPP, GYPP and DTH) had a degree of dominance more than unity, indicating that overdominance gene effects control such traits and it is preferable to postpone selection to later generations. The highest values of narrow-sense heritability and genetic advance were recorded by glaucousness trait followed by SL and SPP, indicating that selection in segregating generations would be more effective than other traits.

Os criadores de trigo frequentemente usam a análise da média de geração para obter informações sobre o tipo de ação do gene envolvida na herança de uma característica para escolher o procedimento de melhoramento útil para o aprimoramento da característica. O presente estudo foi conduzido para estudar a ação do gene interalélico e intraalélico e a herança de características de glaucosidade, precocidade e produção em um cruzamento de trigo mole entre pais divergentes em glaucosidade e características de produção; nomeadamente Mut-2 (P1) e Sakha 93 (P2). O material experimental incluiu seis populações, ou seja, P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 e BC2 para este cruzamento de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições e aplicado um modelo de seis parâmetros. Os efeitos aditivos foram geralmente mais críticos do que a dominância para todas as características estudadas, exceto para altura da planta (AP) e rendimento de grãos / planta (GYPP). A epistasia duplicada foi observada no comprimento da ponta; SL, espigas/planta; SPP e dias para o cabeçalho; DTH. Todos os seis tipos de efeitos de interação alélica e não alélica controlaram SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade. Todos os três tipos de epistasia, ou seja, aditivo x aditivo, aditivo x dominância e dominância x dominância, são essenciais na determinação da herança de quatro características (SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade). Os efeitos de dominância × dominância foram maiores em magnitude do que aditivo × dominância e aditivo × aditivo na maioria das características. O grau médio de dominância foi menor do que a unidade em seis características (glaucosidade, grãos / espiga, peso da espiga, dias até a maturidade, peso de 100 grãos e SL), indicando dominância parcial, e a seleção para essas características pode ser mais eficaz nas gerações iniciais. Enquanto isso, os traços restantes (PH, SPP, GYPP e DTH) tiveram um grau de dominância maior do que a unidade, indicando que os efeitos do gene de superdominância controlam tais traços e é preferível adiar a seleção para gerações posteriores. Os maiores valores de herdabilidade no sentido restrito e avanço genético foram registrados pelo traço de glaucosidade seguido por SL e SPP, indicando que a seleção em gerações segregadas seria mais eficaz do que outros caracteres.

Some results of preliminary phytochemical study of Triticum aestivum linn / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Throughout the history of humankind, herbs had been playing a major role in the treatments of human illness. As a result of thousands of research works, humankind›s identified excellent herbs to treat various illnesses such as malignancy, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. One of them is weak wheat named <i>Triticum aestivum Linn</i>. Wheat germinate and buds 7-14 days after germination are rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and chlorophyll, which has similar structure to blood hemoglobin. Furthermore, hemoglobin is rich in iron and chlorophyll is rich in magnesium. Therefore, it is called “green blood”. Internationally, the wheatgrass is being clinically studied as it has antioxidant, antibacterial, and therapeutic effects for diabetes, respiratory tract illness, urinary tract disorders, atherosclerosis, and tumor.</br> Although Mongolians had been using the wheatgrass as a nutritional supply for cattle, during recent years, as it was identified that health benefits for humans, wheatgrass is being used for a human meal. We aimed to cultivate wheat seed and conduct the phytochemical study.@*Method@#In order to achieve our goal, we planted wheatgrass, prepared extract and identified some of the chemical constituents. Moreover, we germinated wheat seed, dried, grinded, and extracted it with hexane, chloroform, methanol, and distilled water by using Soxhlet apparatus.</br> A preliminary screening was carried by the application of various testing methods of Molisch’ test, Fehling’s test, Biuret test, Xantho protein test, Buchard’s test, Mayer’s test, Wagner’s test, Ferric chloride test, Lead acetate test, Ninhydrin test, Keller-Killiani test, Foam test for determining the presence of alkaloids, terpenes, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and tannins, respectively. Moreover, we used spectrophotometry to determine the chlorophyll content@*Conclusion@#All the extracts derived from <i>T. aestivum</i> L showed the qualitative presence of major phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids, and tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, triterpenoids. It was found that chlorophyll content 66%±0.2.

Sources and management of nitrogen before or after irrigation on the winter wheat and bean production / Fontes de nitrogênio e manejo antes ou após a irrigação nas culturas do trigo e feijoeiro "de inverno"

Studies that demonstrate the effects of sources of nitrogen (N) applied before or after irrigation on the yield of winter crops are limited in literature. In this sense, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of sources of N applied immediately before or after 13 mm irrigation of wheat and bean winter crops. It was used a randomized complete block design, with 4 replicates, in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, and 11 treatments consisted of five N sources: urea, polymer-coated urea, urea + ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate and a control treatment (without N fertilization). For wheat, although ammonium nitrate provided great N content in the leaves, the grain yield was lower due to the lodging of the plants; since the application of N either before or after irrigation did not influence the grain yield. Regarding the bean, N fertilization increased productivity, but there were no differences among N sources and, despite the greater N content in the leaves observed with the N supply before irrigation the greatest grain yield was observed when N was applied after the irrigation.

Estudos que demonstram os efeitos de fontes de nitrogênio (N) aplicadas antes ou após a irrigação na produtividade das culturas de inverno são limitados na literatura. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o efeito de fontes de N aplicadas imediatamente antes ou após a irrigação de 13 mm nas culturas do trigo e feijão de inverno. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, em esquema fatorial incompleto 5 × 2 + 1, sendo 11 tratamentos com cinco fontes de N: ureia, ureia revestida com polímero, ureia + sulfato de amônio, sulfato de amônio e nitrato de amônio e um tratamento controle (sem adubação nitrogenada). Para o trigo, embora o nitrato de amônio tenha proporcionado maior teor de N nas folhas, a produtividade de grãos foi menor devido ao acamamento das plantas; já a aplicação de N antes ou após a irrigação não influenciou a produtividade de grãos. Com relação ao feijão, a adubação nitrogenada aumentou a produtividade, mas não houve diferenças entre as fontes de N e, apesar do maior teor de N nas folhas observadas com o suprimento de N antes da irrigação, a maior produtividade de grãos foi observada com a adubação após a irrigação.

Sowing density and clipping management: effects on the architecture and yield of dual-purpose wheat / Densidade de semeadura e manejo da corte: efeitos na arquitetura e rendimento do trigo de duplicação

The dual-purpose wheat stands out as a complementary alternative for forage supply during the winter period. Therefore, this work had the objective of evaluate the performance characteristics in five genotypes of dual-purpose wheat submitted to different sowing densities and different clipping managements. The experiment was carried out during the 2016 and 2017 harvests. The experimental design was a randomized block design, organized in a factorial scheme, with five dual-purpose wheat genotypes (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu and BRS 277) x five sowing densities (75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 seeds m²) x four clipping operations (zero, one, two and three clippings), arranged in three replicates. The measuring of characters were number of fertile tillers, seeds yield, angle of flag leaf, chlorophyll content and flowering. The genotype BRS Tarumâ is superior in number of fertile tillers and chlorophyll index for all the sowing densities, as well, the flowering is influenced direct by clipping managements. The sowing density of 75 seeds m-2 is not indicated for dual-purpose wheat independent of the clipping management. The seeds yield is amplified thought the increase in sowing density, however, advancing in clipping levels there is a decrease in forage yield.

O trigo de duplo propósito se destaca como uma alternativa complementar para o fornecimento de forragem durante o período de inverno. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características de desempenho de cinco genótipos de trigo de duplo propósito submetidos a diferentes densidades de semeadura e diferentes manejos de corte. O experimento foi realizado durante as safras de 2016 e 2017. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, organizado em esquema fatorial, com cinco genótipos de trigo de duplo propósito (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu e BRS 277) x cinco densidades de semeadura (75, 150, 225, 300 e 375 m² de sementes) x quatro operações de clipagem (zero, um, dois e três recortes), dispostos em três repetições. As medidas dos caracteres foram número de perfilhos férteis, rendimento de sementes, ângulo de folha de bandeira, teor de clorofila e floração. O genótipo BRS Tarumâ é superior em número de perfilhos férteis e índice de clorofila para todas as densidades de semeadura, assim como o florescimento é influenciado diretamente pelos manejos de corte. A densidade de semeadura de 75 sementes m-2 não é indicada para trigo de dupla finalidade independente do manejo de corte. O rendimento das sementes é amplificado pelo aumento da densidade de semeadura, entretanto, avançando nos níveis de recorte, há uma diminuição no rendimento de forragem.

Does Dairy Liquid Manure Complementary to Mineral Fertilization Increase Grain Yield Due to Changes in Soil Fertility?

Abstract The main destination of manure is the application to croplands near livestock farms as nutrient source to enhance crop production. The aim of this study was to define the dairy liquid manure (DLM) dose, complementary to the mineral fertilizer, for higher crops yield, in rotation black oat-maize-wheat-soybean, and to identify the soil chemical variables improved by the manure that most affect the yield, in long-term. The experiment was conducted from 2006 to 2015, in no-tillage system, at Paraná State, Brazil. The soil was a Latossolo Bruno Distrófico típico, clayey texture. The treatments consisted by doses of DLM (0, 60, 120 and 180 m3 ha-1 year-1), complementary to the mineral fertilizer (applied in the same amount for all DLM doses). Crops yield and soil chemical variables were evaluated at six depths (0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-40; 40-50 and 50-60 cm). The DLM application increased the yield of all crops, but not in all harvests. The DLM even applied at soil surface improved the soil chemical variables in deep layers, resulting in high positive correlation between yield and exchange bases, P, Zn and Mn contents, and high negative correlation with Ca/Mg ratio and potential acidity at depth 0-10 cm. The DLM dose, complementary to the mineral fertilization, that provided higher soybean and wheat yield was about 130 m3 ha-1 year-1, while for maize this dose was equal to or greater than 180 m3 ha-1 year-1. This effect was not attributed to a single chemical variable but the improvement of all chemical variables evaluated.

Production of wheat-doubled haploids resistant to eyespot supported by marker-assisted selection

BACKGROUND: Wheat is one of the most important crops cultivated all over the world. New high-yielding cultivars that are more resistant to fungal diseases have been permanently developed. The present study aimed at the possibility of accelerating the process of breeding new cultivars, resistant to eyespot, by using doubled haploids (DH) system supported by marker-assisted selection. RESULTS: Two highly resistant breeding lines (KBP 0916 and KBH 4942/05) carrying Pch1 gene were crossed with the elite wheat genotypes. Hybrid plants of early generations were analyzed using endopeptidase EpD1 and two SSR markers linked to the Pch1 locus. Selected homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for the Pch1-linked EpD1b allele were used to produce haploid plants. Molecular analyses were performed on haploids to identify plants possessing Pch1 gene. Chromosome doubling was performed only on haploid plants with Pch1 gene. Finally, 65 DH lines carrying eyespot resistance gene Pch1 and 30 lines without this gene were chosen for the eyespot resistance phenotyping in a field experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the experiment confirmed higher resistance to eyespot of the genotypes with Pch1 in comparison to those without this gene. This indicates the efficiency of selection at the haploid level.

Involvement of putrescine in osmotic stress-induced ABA signaling in leaves of wheat seedlings

To elucidate one mechanism by which putrescine (Put) functions in plant signaling under osmotic stress, Put and ABAcontents, and plasma membrane-NADPH oxidase (PM-NOX) activity were detected in wheat seedling leaves. Underosmotic stress, ABA and Put contents, PM-NOX activity, and PM-NOX-dependent O2.- production all increased. Theinhibitor tungstate (T) of ABA bio-synthesis reduced the increases in ABA and Put contents under osmotic stress. Theinhibitor D-arginine (D-Arg) of Put bio-synthesis didn’t reduce osmotic-induced increase of ABA, but it inhibited theincreases of PM-NOX activity and O2. - production, and the inhibitory effects were reversed by exogenous Put. Thesefindings suggested that ABA might regulate Put biosynthesis, and Put might regulate PM-NOX activity. Treatments withthree inhibitors imidazole (I), diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and pyridine (P) of PM-NOX reduced significantly not only O2. -production, but also the stress-induced increase of Put content, which indicated that O2. - production might regulate Putbiosynthesis. Treatments with EGTA (Ca2? chelator), La3? and verapamil (V) (Ca2? channel blockers) reduced significantly the stress-induced increase of Put content, which suggested that Ca2? might regulate Put biosynthesis. With thesefindings, it could be concluded that Put was involved in ABA signaling induced by osmotic stress via regulating PM-NOXactivity in wheat seedling leaves.

Physiological quality and aflatoxin presence in wheat seeds treated with fungicides and adjuvants during crop development / Qualidade fisiológica e presença de aflatoxinas em sementes de trigo tratadas com fungicidas e adjuvantes durante o desenvolvimento da cultura

O trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) é um cereal com grande importância econômica ecapacidade produtiva. Porém, é sujeito ao ataque de várias doenças o que demanda o uso de fungicidas durante o ciclo. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a qualidade fisiológica e presença de aflatoxina em sementes de trigo quando tratadas com concentrações de fungicidas durante o desenvolvimento da cultura. Plantas da cultivar Mirante foram cultivadas com aplicação foliar de fungicidas com princípios ativos estrobilurina e triazol, adicionando-se adjuvante foliar. Após a colheita, avaliou-se o grau de umidade das sementes, porcentagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, deterioração controlada, teste de frio,emergência em areia, condutividade elétrica e presença de aflatoxinas. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de trigo não foi influenciada pelo uso dos fungicidas testados. As sementes apresentaram elevado índice de germinação e emergência de plântulas, mesmo quando submetidas a condições de estresse.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a cereal of great economic importance and productive capacity. However, it is subject to attack by various diseases, which requires the use of fungicides during the cycle. Thus, this study aimed to verify the physiological quality and presence of aflatoxin in wheat seeds when treated with concentrations of fungicides during the development of the crop. Plants of the cultivar Mirante were grown with foliar application of fungicides with active principles strobilurin and triazole, adding leaf adjuvant. After harvesting, the moisture content of the seeds, percentage of germination, accelerated aging, controlled deterioration, cold testing, sand emergence, electrical conductivity and the presence of aflatoxins were evaluated. The results showed that the physiological and sanitary quality of wheat seeds was not influenced by the use of the tested fungicides. The seeds showed a high rate of germination and seedling emergence, even when subjected to stress conditions. importanceimˈpôrtns Traduções de importance SubstantivoFrequência aimportância importance, significance, matter, value, amount, import ovalor value, amount, worth, valuation, importance, merit oalcance reach, range, scope, extent, power, importance ainfluência influence, leverage, hold, power, weight, importance aconsideração consideration, account, regard, respect, thought, importance aconseqüência consequence, result, outcome, effect, aftermath, importance Definições de importance Substantivo 1 the state or fact of being of great significance or value. On the whole it is clear that my field trip was of huge importance for my research. Sinônimos: powerinfluenceauthorityswayweightimpactdominanceprominenceeminencepreeminenceprestigenotabilityworthstaturecloutpullsignificancemomentousnessimportconsequencenotenoteworthinesssubstanceseriousnessgravityweightinessurgency Exemplos de importance Music lost its importance and he even sold some of his guitars to pay for his habit. +28 exemplos Sinônimos de importance Substantivo powersignificancegrandness +25 sinônimos

Knock-down the expression of TaH2B-7D using virus-induced gene silencing reduces wheat drought tolerance

BACKGROUND: Drought is a major abiotic stress affecting global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Exploration of drought-tolerant genes is essential for the genetic improvement of drought tolerance in wheat. Previous studies have shown that some histone encoding genes are involved in plant drought tolerance. However, whether the H2B family genes are involved in drought stress response remains unclear. METHODS: Here, we identified a wheat histone H2B family gene, TaH2B-7D, which was significantly up-regulated under drought stress conditions. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to further verify the function of TaH2B-7D in wheat drought tolerance. The phenotypic and physiological changes were examined in the TaH2B-7D knock-down plants. RESULTS: In the TaH2B-7D knock-down plants, relative electrolyte leakage rate and malonaldehyde (MDA) content significantly increased, while relative water content (RWC) and proline content significantly decreased compared with those in the non-knocked-down plants under drought stress conditions. TaH2B-7D knock-down plants exhibited severe sagging, wilting and dwarf phenotypes under drought stress conditions, but not in the non-knocked-down plants, suggesting that the former were more sensitive to drought stress. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that TaH2B-7D potentially plays a vital role in conferring drought tolerance in wheat.

Identification and characterization of CircRNAs involved in the regulation of wheat root length

BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that circular RNAs (circRNAs) may play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Plant roots are the main organs of nutrient and water uptake. However, whether circRNAs involved in the regulation of plant root growth remains to be elucidated. METHODS: LH9, XN979 and YN29 are three Chinese wheat varieties with contrasting root lengths. Here, the root circRNA expression profiles of LH9, XN979 and YN29 were examined by using high-throughput sequencing technology. RESULTS: Thirty-three and twenty-two differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) were identified in the YN29-LH9 comparison and YN29-XN979 comparison, respectively. Among them, ten DECs coexisted in both comparisons. As the roots of both LH9 and XN979 were significantly larger and deeper than YN29, the ten DECs coexisting in the two comparisons were highly likely to be involved in the regulation of wheat root length. Moreover, three of the ten DECs have potential miRNA binding sites. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the potential binding miRNAs exhibited significant differences between the long root plants and the short root plants. CONCLUSIONS: The expression levels of some circRNAs exhibited significant differences in wheat varieties with contrasting root phenotypes. Ten DECs involved in the regulation of wheat root length were successfully identified in which three of them have potential miRNAs binding sites. The expression levels of putative circRNA-binding miRNAs were correlated with their corresponding circRNAs. Our results provide new clues for studying the potential roles of circRNAs in the regulation of wheat root length.

PDIL1-2 can indirectly and negatively regulate expression of the AGPL1 gene in bread wheat

BACKGROUND: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the key enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis, is a heterotetramer composed of two identical large subunits and two identical small subunits. AGPase has plastidial and cytosolic isoforms in higher plants, whereas it is mainly detected in the cytosol of grain endosperms in cereal crops. Our previous results have shown that the expression of the TaAGPL1 gene, encoding the cytosolic large subunit of wheat AGPase, temporally coincides with the rate of starch accumulation and that its overexpression dramatically increases wheat AGPase activity and the rate of starch accumulation, suggesting an important role. METHODS: In this study, we performed yeast one-hybrid screening using the promoter of the TaAGPL1 gene as bait and a wheat grain cDNA library as prey to screen out the upstream regulators of TaAGPL1 gene. And the barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene-silencing (BSMV-VIGS) method was used to verify the functional characterization of the identified regulators in starch biosynthesis. RESULTS: Disulfide isomerase 1-2 protein (TaPDIL1-2) was screened out, and its binding to the TaAGPL1-1D promoter was further verified using another yeast one-hybrid screen. Transiently silenced wheat plants of the TaPDIL1-2 gene were obtained by using BSMV-VIGS method under field conditions. In grains of BSMV-VIGS-TaPDIL1-2-silenced wheat plants, the TaAGPL1 gene transcription levels, grain starch contents, and 1000-kernel weight also significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: As important chaperones involved in oxidative protein folding, PDIL proteins have been reported to form hetero-dimers with some transcription factors, and thus, our results suggested that TaPDIL1-2 protein could indirectly and negatively regulate the expression of the TaAGPL1 gene and function in starch biosynthesis.

A new, harmless, high-throughput endosperm-based DNA extraction method for wheat / Um método de extração de DNA novo, inofensivo e de alto teor de endosperma para o trigo

ABSTRACT: In this study, a non-destructive, high-throughput, endosperm-based DNA extraction method was developed. To verify the non-destructive nature of this method, a germination test was performed on 288 seeds after sampling their endosperm, which gave a seedling emergence rate that was higher (97.6%) than that of the control group (92%). To confirm the feasibility of the new method, DNA was extracted from plants of a BC1F2 population by two different methods, namely, from endosperm using our rapid, high-throughput method (ER-DNA) and from young leaves emerging from the same sampled seed using the CTAB method (LC-DNA). The ER-DNA was undetectable by agarose gel electrophoresis, but was found to be an adequate replacement for LC-DNA for the amplification and detection of simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Further analysis revealed that ER-DNA was generally suitable for the generation of specific 500-750-bp fragments, but not for the amplification of 1,000-2,000-bp fragments. Our rapid, high-throughput method therefore has no deleterious effects on wheat seeds and yields DNA for SSR genotyping that is a suitable alternative to traditionally obtained DNA.

RESUMO: Neste estudo, foi desenvolvido um método de extração de DNA não destrutivo, de alto débito e endosperma. Para verificar a natureza não destrutiva deste método, um teste de germinação foi realizado em 288 sementes após a amostragem do endosperma, o que deu uma taxa de emergência de plântulas maior (97,6%) do que a do grupo controle (92%). Para confirmar a viabilidade do novo método, o DNA foi extraído de plantas de uma população de BC1F2 por dois métodos diferentes, a saber, do endosperma usando nosso método rápido de alto rendimento (ER-DNA) e de folhas jovens que emergem da mesma semente amostrada usando o método CTAB (LC-DNA). O ER-DNA foi indetectável por eletroforese em gel de agarose, mas foi encontrado como uma substituição adequada para LC-DNA para a amplificação e detecção de repetições simples de seqüência (SSRs). Uma análise posterior revelou que o ER-DNA era geralmente adequado para a geração de fragmentos específicos de 500-750 pb, mas não para a amplificação de fragmentos de 1.000-2.000 pb. Nosso método rápido e de alto débito, portanto, não tem efeitos deletérios sobre as sementes de trigo e produz DNA para a genotipagem de SSR que é uma alternativa adequada ao DNA obtido tradicionalmente.

Biomass production of wheat grown under different waterlogging conditions and the impact on seed vigor / Produção de biomassa de trigo cultivada sob diferentes condições de alagamento do solo e impacto no vigor de sementes

The aims of this study are to provide a comparative analysis of the growth and the expression of seed vigor from wheat plants subjected to periods of waterlogging during the development period. The treatments consisted of different combinations of soil waterlogging: T1 = no waterlogging; T2 = two waterlogging periods, at stages Z25 and Z45; and T3 = three waterlogging periods, at stages Z25, Z45 and Z75. Plants were collected at regular intervals after emergence until the end of the cycle: 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 days after emergence (DAE). Dry mass and leaf area of samples were determined. From the primary data, the analysis of growth was applied, and the total dry mass, dry matter production, relative growth and net assimilation rates, leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaf mass ratio and specific leaf area were calculated. Seedling emergence, seedling emergence rate index and dry mass of seedling shoots and roots were also evaluated. Wheat plants grown in conditions of field capacity demonstrated better performance compared to those subjected to three periods of soil waterlogging, with higher total dry mass and net assimilation rates. Seedling emergence and seedling emergence rate index did not differ between treatments. However, soil waterlogging for two or three periods resulted in a reduction in the dry matter of roots and shoots of wheat seedlings. The growth of wheat plants was found to be negatively affected by soil waterlogging. The expression of seed vigor from plants not exposed to soil waterlogging was similar to that of plant seeds subjected to soil waterlogging, although seedling growth was affected negatively by waterlogging conditions.

O objetivo deste estudo é fornecer uma análise comparativa do crescimento e da expressão do vigor das sementes das plantas de trigo submetidas a períodos de alagamento do solo durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento. Os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes combinações de alagamento do solo: T1 = sem alagamento do solo; T2 = dois períodos de alagamento do solo, nos estágios Z25 e Z45; e T3 = três períodos de alagamento do solo, nos estádios Z25, Z45 e Z75. As plantas foram coletadas em intervalos regulares após a emergência até o final do ciclo: 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 e 112 dias após a emergência (DAE). Foi determinada a massa seca e a área foliar das amostras. A partir dos dados primários, foi aplicada a análise do crescimento, calculando-se a massa seca total, a taxa de produção de matéria seca, o crescimento relativo e a taxa de assimilatória líquida, área foliar, razão de área foliar, razão de massa foliar e área foliar específica. A emergência de plântulas, o índice de emergência das plântulas e a massa seca de parte aérea e raízes de plântulas foram avaliados. As plantas de trigo cultivadas em condições de capacidade de campo demonstraram melhor desempenho em comparação com aqueles submetidos a três períodos de alagamento do solo, com maior massa seca total e taxa de assimilatória líquida. O índice de emergência e o índice de emergência de plântulas não diferiram entre os tratamentos. No entanto, o alagamento do solo durante dois ou três períodos resultou em uma redução na matéria seca de raízes e de parte aérea de plântulas de trigo. O crescimento das plantas de trigo foi afetado negativamente pelo alagamento do solo. A expressão do vigor das sementes de plantas não expostas ao alagamento do solo foi semelhante à das sementes de plantas submetidas ao alagamento do solo, embora o crescimento das plântulas tenha sido afetado negativamente pelas condições de inundação.